In this post, we’re gonna talk about figurative language and how writers can use it to tell better stories.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

When people say, “it’s a figure of speech,” they’re referring to one of the many types of figurative language shown here. What they all have in common is their use can be very stimulating to a reader’s brain if cliché is avoided. When readers praise “good writing,” a lot of times, they’re talking about this stuff.

Figurative language really is stimulating to readers. In a study conducted by the University of Ontario, participants read a story, some of which included metaphors and some that didn’t, and then evaluated photographs of eyes to identify true emotional state. Those who read the stories that included metaphors were significantly better at identifying the emotional state.

In a second experiment, participants listened to stories being read and then rated the speaker. Speakers who used metaphors were judged to be friendlier and more intimate. This makes figurative language powerful stuff for a writer.

Let’s look at a few of the more popular forms.

Metaphor

A metaphor describes something as being like something else even though they’re not literally equivalent. Usually, the comparison is between something abstract or unfamiliar with something familiar, such as, “All the world’s a stage” or “life is a burning candle.” The result can express symbolism or be generally stimulating.

The metaphor can be explicit, making it a metaphor, or implied, as in the example, “It was another day playing my part with the same old script.”

Simile

Another type of metaphor is a simile, in which one thing is compared to a different thing with a similar characteristic to make a point or enhance a description. “Life is like a box of chocolates.” Similes are easily recognizable as they use the word “as” or “like” to make the comparison.

On a final note, the comparison is usually similar in a simile. If the comparison is between two things that are very different, it’s called a conceit. An example is “fit as a fiddle,” though conceits don’t always use “as” or “like.”

Using Metaphor and Simile

The first bit of advice is obvious, which is to avoid mixing metaphors and similes in proximity in the text. And to avoid mixing incongruous metaphors, and mixing similes together. You can write, “This truck is a rock, it forges ahead no matter what,” and the reader will understand the meaning of the sum, but it just doesn’t sound right because the individual ideas don’t mesh in a congruent way. In dialogue, of course, you can do anything if it serves the character, but in narrative, not so much. Personally, I subscribe to the theory that the best writing goes unnoticed so that the reader becomes more immersed in the story. If you’re going to call attention to your writing, however, you always want the reader to go, “Nice,” rather than, “Oh, that’s right, I’m reading a book.” For me, that’s my primary guide.

Otherwise, avoid cliches unless you’re going for an intentional effect. Be provocative but clear, functional, relatable to the point of view, and supportive of the tone or theme. When possible, try to arouse the reader’s senses such as taste, touch, and so on.

One clever way to use metaphor or simile in a science fiction or fantasy novel is to make up new ones for a specific world or culture. While it may be tempting to say, “solid as a gloobnorb” for color, it would probably work better if the reader was informed previously what a gloobnorb is.

Here’s a bunch of examples. As you can see, simile can go a long way to add color, stimulate the reader, and aid immersion.

Analogy

An analogy uses a metaphor, simile, or conceit to make a larger point. It’s not a figure or speech but instead a type of argument. When Forest Gump says, “Life is like a box of chocolates,” that’s a simile. When he adds, “You never know what you’re gonna get,” he’s making an analogy. By explaining how life is like a box of chocolates, we learn something about both.

Other Figures of Speech

And that’s it! Thanks for checking out this little series on theme, symbolism, and figurative language. I hope you find out it useful.

In this post, we’re gonna talk about symbolism and how writers can use it to tell better stories.

SYMBOLISM

Symbols, motifs, and metaphors are part of the story’s image system and can be used to express tone and/or theme. It’s been said that if themes are subliminal, the image system is like subliminal advertising.

But wait, using symbols? Isn’t that pretentious?

Nope, it’s just a tool. Whether it works or not is all in how well it’s used.

So what is a symbol? It’s an object, action, word, or event used to represent an abstract idea, thereby giving it larger meaning in relation to the story. Using symbolism, theme is expressed or reinforced without becoming explicit. One might call it a hidden language or code in the story.

Symbols don’t have to be brilliant and original. They just have to be effective.

Neo’s sacrifice in the MATRIX is symbolic of Christ’s crucifixion and renewal ridding the world of corruption and creating something new and pure.

The red A in THE SCARLET LETTER symbolizes adultery and religious disapproval, but it also symbolizes the pure love Hester and John have.

The sled named Rosebud in CITIZEN KANE symbolizes innocence, the beauty of children appreciating the simple things in life.

In FOREST GUMP, the feather that floats through the air at both the beginning and end symbolizes his life, going with the flow and finding happiness wherever he goes as Mama taught him.

The scarlet letter, Rosebud, and feather are actually motifs, which are recurring symbols. We’ll talk more about that in a bit. First, let’s talk about ways you can use symbolism in your writing.

How to Use Symbolism

Look for elements that express tone or theme. For example, a story that is thematically about death might feature elements like a coffin, hourglass, bells, orchids, winter, etc. The symbol can be brazen or more subtle or assigned its own meaning.

An easy step is to start producing a symbol web. These are colors, objects, smells, weather, and setting elements that convey mood, tone, or theme. The primary purpose of these things is to advance or serve the story, but they carry the secondary thematic or tonal purpose.

Some genres provide a ready-made symbol web. In classic Western stories, you have six-guns, horses, badges, saloons, and so on. Since they are expected, you can use them freely, or you can reverse them as a twist, as in the old TV show COLUMBO, or because it serves the theme, such as in SHREK.

Symbols can be in the background, though an effective approach to conveying theme can be to have characters focus on things that have symbolic value. This should be sparing and as always, avoid overly calling attention to its importance as a symbol. The reader usually should conclude but not be told it has symbolic value.

For example, in ARRIVAL, both the story structure and the alien language are circular, showing how everything is connected and how time can be manipulated so that everything is happening at once. This idea expands in the viewer’s mind as the story reaches its conclusion. Even the protagonist’s daughter’s name, Hannah, is symbolic, as it’s a palindrome.

As with general theme, symbolism can be planned or pantsed and then tuned in a second draft. Internalize the theme and go from there. Start with a feeling.

MOTIFS

More intentional symbols tend to show up as motifs in story. This is a recurring image, idea, or symbol that expresses or reinforces theme. The repetition is key, but that repetition must be meaningful and relevant. Motifs tend to be abstract.

In THE SIXTH SENSE, the color red shows up as a motif, representing anything connected to the spirit world, particularly a certain doorknob for a certain door that is always locked, as it leads to a room where the protagonist will learn his true nature. In GROUNDHOG DAY, the groundhog is a motif representing the protagonist repeating the same day over and over. And in THE HUNGER GAMES, the mockingjay is an accidental creation of the ruling regime that symbolizes the ability to survive in any environment and becomes the symbol of rebellion.

MacGuffins can be motifs. This is an object or event that doesn’t really do much besides drive the plot. In THE MALTESE FALCON, The Maltese Falcon itself is a MacGuffin. By making it symbolic of something important to the protagonist, it can be elevated above a mere device to be symbolic.

How to Use Motif

In THE ANATOMY OF STORY by John Truby, he recommends a few pointers for using motif.

Unless it’s a MacGuffin, introduce it in a matter-of-fact manner, and then reintroduce it later in a different context that produces a stronger feeling and communicates theme. The first and last appearances should tie together.

One approach is to connect the motif to character change. The element is introduced when the character’s need becomes known, and then reintroduce it later in a new context, maybe to hammer it home to the protagonist that they need to change, or maybe symbolic that change has happened.

THE LORD OF THE FLIES provides two great examples of motifs. In this story, a group of English schoolboys are marooned on an island and eventually become wild as they shed their civilized behavior. There are two important motifs.

One is a conch shell the boys use to hold orderly, democratic meetings, which symbolizes order and civilized behavior. When the shell is destroyed, order is destroyed, and the reader really feels it in the gut as a result. The same with Piggy’s glasses, which are used to make fire and therefore symbolize civilization and rescue. When the glasses are broken, the boys reject civilization.

Leitmotif

A leitmotif is a recurring image associated with a person, situation, or idea. The thematic music in JAWS when the shark shows up or the horses whinnying whenever Frau Blucher’s name is mentioned in YOUNG FRANKENSTEIN.

As a fictitious example, suppose all the dogs in the neighborhood bark whenever a monster is nearby. Then one night, the howling cuts off to become dead silence. This could signal some important change, such as tonight is the night the monster will attack.

On to Part 3, Figurative Language

And that’s symbolism! In Part 3 of “Thoughts on Theme, Symbolism, and Figurative Language,” we’re going to zero in on figurative language.

In this post, we’re gonna talk about how to write books with careful attention to theme.

GENESIS

My first book for a Big 5 publisher was a vampire novel. The plot was a plague kills the world’s children only to bring them back as vampires. Their parents need to get them blood so they can continue surviving. The kids are vampires, but the parents in the book are the monsters, willing to do whatever it takes to keep their kids alive.

Soon after this book’s writing, I attended a Horror Writers Association event, where I caught a panel where a writer advised the audience to always try to sell the nonfiction concept. For my novel, it became a question: How far would you go for someone you love? This question became the focus of how I talked about it and helped market it.

But wait! Theme and symbolism, that’s for pretentious writers and English majors plumbing classics for hidden meanings, right?

At least, I thought so at one time. I found this prejudice getting in the way. What it took me a while to discover in my writing journey is how important it is and how I could use it to tell stories that achieve a much more powerful effect than the sum of their words. I learned I’d been using theme all along, but by not fully understanding it, I’d given up the potential to control it and use it to the story’s best advantage.

The truth is theme is not necessarily esoteric nor the product of genius but just another part of the foundation of a good story, and a tool I could use to tell better stories. Readers want it, and they respond to it. It provides writers another way to get readers to fall in love, another aspect of story that writers can control, and so I wanted to understand it better and add this tool to my writing toolbox.

This led me on an exploration of theme and the many ways it can be expressed. Since SUFFER THE CHILDREN, I’ve done three novels with Orbit, the spec fiction brand at Hachette, and each centers on a strong theme, so you could say I’ve become a believer.

And all that led me to this presentation on what I’ve learned, which I’m happy to share with you in three posts: this one on theme, the second on symbolism, and the third on figurative language. So, without further ado, let’s jump in.

THEME

First, let’s talk about theme itself.

Below is a mind map of a novel. It starts with a subject, for example a war of succession in a fantasy kingdom. This comes to live through the active drivers of character, dialogue, and plot. The more passive drivers are on the right, and these are setting, image system, and theme.

As you can see, theme is important, and it shouldn’t be confused with the subject. As for the image system, that deals with language, and we’ll get into that shortly.

So what’s theme? The dictionary tells us it’s an idea that is recurrent or pervasive in a story or other piece of art.

One way to look at theme is it’s the nonfiction concept of the book. Where a nonfiction book explicitly spells out the theme, in fiction it’s typically implicit.

Otherwise, it might be considered the story’s unifying idea, moral, or soul. It provides a way to describe the story in a single sentence. Multiple themes are possible.

Forget high school or university, where finding theme was homework.

So if plot is what happens, character is why it happens, and setting is where it happens, theme is what it all means.

In the case of our example of SHREK shown below, the theme is “you are what you do, not what you look like,” and, “if you love yourself, you can be loved and love others.”

“So what’s your book about?” This is a question all writers crave hearing but dread answering. Theme provides a simple way to describe it. Let’s take IT’S A WONDERFUL LIFE as an example. Going with its premise, one might describe it: “An angel proves a suicidal man his value by showing him what the world would be like if he’d never been born.” Going by its central conflict, one might describe it: “A man battling a rich banker is shown what the town would be like if he’d never been born and learns his value.” Going with theme: “A novel that demonstrates how a single person can make all the difference in the world.”

Why theme is important

Now that we know what theme is, why should we care about it?

Theme teaches readers something about life, gives them food for thought that lasts after they close the covers, and gives them another point of engagement with the story.

For writers, it helps focus the story, can inform story choices, provides a way to test characters, and can help with marketing.

Basically, this is what we want to see happen:

Below are examples of subjects and theme. By differentiating the two, this is how you can have a ghost story about love, a spy novel about redemption, and so on.

As you can see, the theme doesn’t have to be earth shattering. A simple universal truth or belief usually suffices. It’s best if you believe it yourself and wish more people did. When you make it very simple, it can sound trite, but that’s okay. It’s still a powerful statement. Find your own twist on it to make it stand out. Maybe “love conquers all, but that means somebody has to lose,” and then write the story from the point of view of the guy who tries but fails to win his lady only to see her fall for a stereotypical romantic lead. Or maybe, “love starts as a fantasy but only stays if it’s real,” and then this guy finally wins the lady by offering a substantial, non-fairy tale relationship.

By the way, bestselling novels tend to have more than one subject. A primary one and one or more strong subordinate subjects. For example, Cormac McCarthy’s bestselling novel THE ROAD has two subjects, the apocalypse and the struggle to survive coupled with and paternal love and desire to protect one’s child, including their innocence.

How writers can use theme

Now let’s look at how you can use theme.

Whether you plot your stories or write them by the seat of your pants, identifying theme can be valuable. Either way, though, it’s best if you don’t look for theme after you write it. It often works best if one doesn’t graft it on after they’ve finished.

Also, it’s usually beneficial not to be too conscious about it. Try not to build it. Realize it as early as possible when writing your story, internalize it as a single sentence or question, and then let it express itself organically in the story using the basic tools. Trust your instincts and let what you’ve internalized guide your decisions without becoming them. Obviously, the theme should relate to the story’s character arcs and central conflict.

Theme is rarely spelled out. Trust your reader to “get it,” though they may have multiple interpretations. In some cases, you can be explicit about it if you want to. The first sentence might pose it as a question to hook the reader, for example. An Ally character might touch on it to encourage the protagonist to recognize their misbelief. Or the protagonist might realize it around the moment of final transformation.

Note if the theme is too heavy handed, though, it can upset people. They think you’re trying to make an argument rather than telling a story and letting them make up their own mind or discover its truth for themselves. So, it’s best to handle it subtly, though really, it depends on the kind of story you’re writing and what the theme is. For every writing rule, there are exceptions.

The  moral choice

One way to express theme is by giving the protagonist a moral choice. In THE MALTESE FALCON, detective Sam Spade is given a clear choice of love and money versus honor and justice and chooses honor and justice, thereby thematically stating they are more important.

This is a pulpy story that has a flat character arc. Spade doesn’t change over the course of the story, he is morally solid throughout, and what changes it the world he affects, not him.

If THE MALTESE FALCON were to be rewritten with a positive character arc, Spade might face a smaller, lower-stakes version of the moral choice and make the wrong choice before or near the beginning of the story, learn or experience something that chances him, and then have him make a different moral choice at the end. All of it serves the same theme, only with different types of character arcs. Going further with that idea, he could have a negative character arc by starting as morally upright but then making the wrong moral choice for love and money, only to be betrayed by his love interest and then lose both. Again, it serves the theme, though with very different stories.

Opposing views

You can do the hero’s moral choice but expand on it through secondary characters, which offers variations on the theme. In the below hypothetical example, the protagonist thinks he must make a lot of money to be desirable. The people in his life show varying levels of wealth and happiness. Obviously, Joe should go out with Kathy and stop making money his top priority, but he should initially admire Bob and envy Pete before making his final choice.

Pacing of theme

In John Truby’s excellent ANATOMY OF STORY, he talks about how theme should gradually grow in the reader’s mind as the story converges to its conclusion.

ALLEGORY

Just to be complete here, it’s hard to talk about theme without touching on allegory, which is defined: “The expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence.”

Basically, an allegory is a story that uses theme on steroids.

In an allegory, characters and events are symbols with a deeper or larger meaning. The idea drives the story and stands for itself and something else. The most popular types of allegories are satire, fables, and parables.

For example, ANIMAL FARM is a story about farm animals that stage a revolution and kick out the farmer so they can run the farm themselves. Only a new ruling caste, the pigs, take over, resulting in the farm becoming just as if not more brutal than what they had before. The humans represent the capitalists, the animals the Russian people, the pigs the Stalinists, and the revolution the Russian revolution.

On to Part 2, Symbolism

And that’s theme! In Part 2 of “Thoughts on Theme, Symbolism, and Figurative Language,” we’re going to zero in on symbolism.

On Saturday, August 14 at 2PM MT, I’ll be giving a talk at the When Words Collide reading and writing festival on the topic of theme. In this one-hour presentation, you’ll learn how to engage readers using theme, symbolism, and figurative language.

Click here to download a PDF copy of the presentation.

Click here to download other presentations by Craig.